### ** Chinese cabbage cultivation techniques **
Chinese cabbage is an important leafy vegetable in my country, and cultivation and management directly affect yield and quality. The following are the detailed cultivation techniques:
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### ** 1. Variety selection **
1. ** Choose based on cultivation season **
- ** Early-maturing varieties **(growing period of 50-60 days): such as 'Xiayangbai' and 'Early Charming No. 5'(heat-resistant, suitable for summer and autumn cultivation).
- ** Mid-and late-maturing varieties **(growing period of 70-90 days): such as 'Lubai 3'and' Beijing New 3'(cold-resistant, suitable for autumn and winter cultivation).
2. ** Disease resistance **: Select varieties that are resistant to viral diseases, downy mildew, and soft rot.
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## ** 2. Sowing Technology **
### **1. Sowing time **
| cultivation methods| suitable sowing date| main varieties|
|----------|----------|----------|
| ** Spring cabbage **| March-April (protected area)| Bolting-resistant varieties (such as 'Chundajiang')|
| ** Summer cabbage **| 5-7 months| Heat resistant varieties (such as 'Xia Yangbai')|
| ** Autumn cabbage **| 8-9 months| High-yield varieties (such as 'Beijing New No. 3')|
### **2. Sowing method **
- ** Live broadcast **(commonly used):
- Drill sowing: Open shallow ditches at a row spacing of 50cm, sow seeds evenly, and cover with 1 cm of soil.
- Hole sowing: The hole spacing is 30-40cm, 3-4 seeds per hole, and one plant is left after thinning.
- ** Seedling transplanting **(suitable for early spring or summer):
- The seedlings are 20-25 days old and planted when they have 4-5 true leaves.
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### ** 3. Soil preparation and fertilization **
1. ** Land preparation **
- Select a field with deep soil layer and convenient drainage and irrigation, and turn it 20-30cm deep.
- Make high ridges (1.2m wide and 15-20cm high) to prevent stagnant water.
2. ** Base fertilizer **
- Apply 3,000 - 5,000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer +30-40kg of compound fertilizer (15-15-15) per mu.
- 50kg of lime can be added to acidic soil to adjust the pH (suitable pH 6.0-7.0).
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### ** 4. Field management **
### **1. Thinning and fixing seedlings **
- ** Thinning seedlings for the first time **: Remove weak and sick seedlings when 2-3 true leaves.
- ** Second thinning of seedlings **: When there are 4-5 true leaves, the seedlings are determined according to the plant spacing of 30-40cm.
### **2. Water and fertilizer management **
| growth stage| Key points of water and fertilizer management|
|----------|--------------|
| ** Seedling stage **| Keep soil moist and avoid drought or stagnant water|
| ** Rosette period **(10-12 leaves)| Topdressing application of 10-15kg of urea per mu to promote leaf growth|
| ** Closing period **| Keep the soil moist and apply high potassium fertilizer (such as 15kg of potassium sulfate) per mu|
** Note **:
- Avoid suddenly dry and wet during the ball binding period, otherwise the ball will easily crack.
- Stop watering 7-10 days before harvest to improve storage resistance.
### **3. Intercultivation and weeding **
- Combine the thinning seedlings with intertillage 1-2 times at the seedling stage to prevent soil hardening.
- Before closing, you can weed manually or cover black plastic film to control weeds.
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## ** 5. Pest and pest control **
### **1. Major diseases **
| diseases| symptoms| control methods|
|------|------|----------|
| ** downy mildew **| Leaf macula with white mold layer on the back| Spray methomorph or cymoxil·manganese zinc|
| ** Soft rot **| The base of the petiole is rotten and has a foul smell| Remove the sick plants, sprinkle lime for disinfection, and spray kasugamycin|
| ** Viral disease **| Mosaic, deformity, dwarfing| Control of aphids (imidacloprid)+ spray Ningnanmycin|
### **2. Major pests **
| pest| harm| control methods|
|------|------|----------|
| ** Cabbage insect **| gnawing on leaves| Spray Bt preparation or beta-cypermethrin|
| ** Aphids **| Spread viral diseases| Yellow plate trap + imidacloprid|
| ** Plutella xylostella **| Larvae burrow leaves| Spray emamectin salt or chlorfenapyr|
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### ** 6. Harvesting and storage **
1. ** Harvest standards **
- Harvest when the leaves are tight and the outer leaves are slightly yellow (50-60 days after sowing for early-maturing varieties, 80-90 days for late-maturing varieties).
- Keep 2-3 outer leaves during cutting to prevent mechanical damage.
2. ** Storage method **
- Cellar storage: Temperature 0-2℃, humidity 85%-90%, can be stored for 2-3 months.
- Cold storage: The temperature is 0-1℃, extending the preservation period.
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### ** 7. Precautions **
1. ** Rotation **: Avoid continuous cropping with cruciferous crops (cabbage, radish). It is recommended to rotate for 2-3 years.
2. ** Flood prevention **: Drain timely drainage during the rainy season to prevent soft rot.
3. ** Antifreeze **: In case of low temperatures in autumn and winter cultivation, cover straw or film for insulation.
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####** 8. The key to high yield **
- ** Reasonable close planting **: 3,000 - 4,000 early-maturing varieties per mu, and 2,000 - 2,500 late-maturing varieties.
- ** Scientific fertilization **: Apply more potassium fertilizer during the ball binding period to improve yield and quality.
- ** Pest and pest prevention **: Early detection, comprehensive control (agricultural + biological + chemical measures).
Through scientific management, the yield per mu of Chinese cabbage can reach 5,000 - 8,000 kg (high-yield fields can reach more than 10,000 kg).
