Pepper is an important vegetable and cash crop, and cultivation techniques directly affect yield and quality. The following are detailed cultivation techniques for peppers:
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** 1. Variety selection **
1. ** Select according to purpose **
- ** Freshly eaten peppers **: such as 'hang pepper','horn pepper', and 'screw pepper'(thick flesh and moderate spicy taste).
- ** Processed peppers **: such as 'Chaotian peppers' and 'Line peppers'(strong spicy taste, suitable for drying or sauce making).
- ** Sweet peppers **: such as 'colored peppers' and 'bell peppers'(large fruits and thick meat, suitable for fresh consumption).
2. ** Disease resistance **: Select varieties that are resistant to viral diseases, blight, and bacterial wilt (such as 'Xiangyan Series',' Sujiao Series').
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** 2. Nurturing technology **
1. ** Seed treatment **
- ** Soak seeds in warm soup **: Soak in warm water at 55℃ for 15 minutes (sterilization), and then change to warm water at 30℃ for 8-12 hours.
- ** Pharmaceutical disinfection **: Soak in 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 minutes (to prevent viral diseases).
- ** Germination **: At 25-30℃, sow after 2-3 days of exposure.
2. ** Nurturing substrate **
- Peat soil: vermiculite: perlite =3:1:1, or pastoral soil + decomposed organic fertilizer (1:1).
3. ** Planting and Management **
- The sowing depth is 0.5cm and the temperature is maintained at 25-28℃ (drops to 20-25℃ after emergence).
- At seedling stage, water control can be used to prevent excessive growth, and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed to strengthen seedlings.
- The seedlings are 30-40 days old and planted when they have 4-5 true leaves.
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** 3. Soil preparation and planting **
1. ** Soil preparation and fertilization **
- Apply 3-5 tons of decomposed organic fertilizer, 50kg of calcium superphosphate, and 20kg of potassium sulfate per mu to deeply dig the soil.
- Make high ridges (1.2m wide and 20cm high) and cover them with plastic film (black film suppresses grass and silver film drives aphids).
2. ** Planting density **
- ** Single plant colonization **: row spacing is 50-60cm, plant spacing is 30-40cm, and 2,000 - 3,000 plants per mu.
- ** Double plant colonization **: The row spacing is 60cm, the hole spacing is 40cm, 2 plants per hole, 2,500 - 3,500 plants per mu.
3. ** Post-colonization management **
- Pour thoroughly root-fixing water to keep the soil moist during the seedling period to avoid standing water.
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** 4. Field management **
### **1. Water and fertilizer management **
- ** Seedling stage **: Keep the soil moist and avoid flood irrigation (prevent damping-off disease).
- ** Flowering period **: Properly control water to promote fruit setting.
- ** Fruiting period **: Keep the soil moist and avoid sudden dryness and dampness (anti-cracking fruits, fruit dropouts).
- ** Top dressing **:
- ** After seedling slowing **: Apply 5-8kg of urea per mu.
- ** Early flowering period **: Topdressing compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 10-15kg per mu.
- ** Full-fruit period **: Topdressing application of high potassium fertilizer (such as 10kg/mu of potassium sulfate) once every 10-15 days.
**2. Plant adjustment **
- ** Top and pick the heart **: After the door pepper is set, remove the old and sick leaves at the lower part to promote ventilation and light transmission.
- ** Pruning **:
- ** Trim branches alone **(suitable for close planting and high yield).
- ** Double trunk pruning **(retaining the main branch and first lateral branch, suitable for open field cultivation).
**3. Protect flowers and fruits **
- Flowers are easy to fall when the temperature is higher than 30℃ or lower than 15℃, and 10-15mg/kg of anti-falling hormone can be sprayed.
- Manually assisted pollination (shaking the plant or gently shaking the flower branches).
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** 5. Pest and pest control **
### **1. Major diseases **
| diseases| symptoms| control methods|
|------|------|----------|
| ** Epidemic disease **| Water-stained spots on the leaves and rotten fruits| Spray frost urea, manganese zinc, and methylomorpholine|
| ** Viral disease **| Mosaic, deformity, dwarfing| Control of aphids (imidacloprid)+ spray Ningnanmycin|
| ** bacterial blight **| Plants wilting and stems browning| Rotation + grafting ('Torubam' for rootstock)|
| ** Anthrax **| fruit depression spot| Spray prochloraz or difenoconazole|
### **2. Major pests **
| pest| harm| control methods|
|------|------|----------|
| ** Aphids **| Spread viral diseases| Yellow plate trap + imidacloprid|
| ** Bollworm **| borer| Bt preparation or chlorantraniliprole|
| ** Red Spider **| Leaves yellowed and curled| avermectins + spirodiclofen|
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** 6. Harvest **
- ** Green pepper **: Harvest when the fruit is fully expanded and the color is bright green (early harvesting promotes subsequent fruit setting).
- ** Red pepper **: Harvest after completely turning color (more spicy and suitable for drying).
- ** Sweet pepper **: Harvest when the flesh is thick and the color is bright.
** Note **: Handle with care when harvesting to avoid mechanical damage.
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** 7. Precautions **
1. ** Rotation **: Avoid continuous cropping with Solanaceae crops (tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes). Rotation for more than 3 years is recommended.
2. ** Temperature management **:
- The suitable temperature for growth is 20-30℃, and growth is poor below 10℃ or above 35℃.
- High temperatures in summer can cover shade, but greenhouse cultivation in winter requires insulation.
3. ** Water Management **:
- Avoid flood irrigation with large water, use drip irrigation or ditch irrigation, and drain water in time after rain.
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** 8. The key to high yield **
- ** Reasonable close planting **: Adjust plant spacing according to the variety to avoid diseases caused by excessive density.
- ** Scientific fertilization **: Apply more organic fertilizers and supplement potassium fertilizers during the fruiting period to improve quality.
- ** Pest and pest prevention **: Early detection, comprehensive control (agricultural + biological + chemical measures).
Through scientific management, the yield per mu of pepper in the open field can reach 2,000 - 4,000 kg, and that of facility cultivation can reach more than 5000kg.
